Effect of ce cations on the crystallite size and pore structure genesis in nanostructured rutile after calcination

A method for the low-temperature synthesis of titania with the 3D rutile nanostructure was developed, and the effect of introduced cerium ions on the thermal stability of the material was studied. According to XRD, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and BET data, the introduction of 3–10 wt.% Ce into the rutile matrix decreases the growth of nanorutile crystallites under the action of high temperatures ranging from 300–1000$^\circ$ C and provides the formation of a more porous structure in comparison with unmodified samples. Cerium cations are stabilized in the region of interblock boundaries or in the structural defects of rutile TiO$_2$ and are released as the bulk CeO$_2$ phase only at 1000$^\circ$ C, which does not exert a stabilizing effect at this temperature.