A Note about Integrable Systems on Low-dimensional Lie Groups and Lie Algebras

The goal of the paper is to explain why any left-invariant Hamiltonian system on (the cotangent bundle of) a $3$-dimensonal Lie group $G$ is Liouville integrable. We derive this property from the fact that the coadjoint orbits of $G$ are two-dimensional so that the integrability of left-invariant systems is a common property of all such groups regardless their dimension.
We also give normal forms for left-invariant Riemannian and sub-Riemannian metrics on $3$-dimensional Lie groups focusing on the case of solvable groups, as the cases of $SO(3)$ and $SL(2)$ have been already extensively studied. Our description is explicit and is given in global coordinates on $G$ which allows one to easily obtain parametric equations of geodesics in quadratures.