Linear manifolds of projectors
A. M. Vetoshkin Moscow State Technical University N. E. Bauman (Mytishchi branch) (Korolev)
Abstract:
The paper shows that a linear manifold of matrices of the form:
$Q=Q_{0}+\sum a_{i}P{}_{i}$, can consist of projectors only. It turns out that for this it is necessary and sufficient that
$P_{i} =Q_{i}-Q_{0}$ and all the matrices
$Q_{i}$ be projectors, moreover:
$(Q_{i}-Q_{j})^{2}=0$ for any pair i and j. It is established that all projectors that make up this linear manifold have one rank and any pair
$A, B$ of these projectors satisfies
$(A-B)^{2}=0$.
Several conditions were found equivalent to the fact that two projectors
$A,B$ satisfy
$(A-B)^{2}=0$, one of them in terms of the subspaces defining these projectors.
Let
$n$ be the order of the projectors
$Q_{i}$,
$r$ be their rank, then it is shown that the maximum number of linearly independent matrices
$P_{i}=Q_{i}-Q_{0}$ such that the conditions
$(Q_{i}-Q_{j})^{2}=0$ are satisfied is
$r(n-r)$. Therefore, any projector of rank
$r$ can be represented as the sum of an orthoprojector
$Q_{0}$ and a linear combination of at most
$r(n-r)$ projectors
$Q_{i}$ so that
$(Q_{i}-Q_{j})^{2}=0$,
$i,j=0,1,\dots,r(n-r)$.
The paper calculates the minimum distance between two projectors of ranks
$k$ and
$l - |k-l|^{1/2}$. The maximum distance between two orthoprojectors of the same rank
$k$ is
$(2k)^{1/2}$.
It is established that the polynomial
$h(p,q)=(p-q)^{2}$ plays a special role for the algebra
$\mathcal {A}(p,q)$ generated by the projectors
$p,q,I$. The polynomial
$h$ generates the center of this algebra — the set of elements commuting with all elements of
$\mathcal {A}(p,q)$.
Keywords:
projector, linear manifold, linear subspace of matrices of bounded rank, block-triangular form pair of projectors, center of an algebra generated by two projectors.
UDC:
512.643.8 Received: 20.10.2019
Accepted: 22.06.2022
DOI:
10.22405/2226-8383-2022-23-2-42-55