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JOURNALS // Diskretnyi Analiz i Issledovanie Operatsii // Archive

Diskretn. Anal. Issled. Oper., 2024 Volume 31, Issue 4, Pages 58–89 (Mi da1361)

The number of impossible additive differentials for the composition of XOR and bit rotation

N. A. Kolomeec

Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, 4 Acad. Koptyug Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia

Abstract: Additive differentials of the function $(x \oplus y) \lll r$ whose probability is $0$ are considered, where $x, y \in \mathbb{Z}_2^n$ and $1 \leq r < n.$ They are called impossible differentials and are interesting in the context of differential cryptanalysis of ciphers whose schemes consist of additions modulo $2^n,$ bitwise XORs ($\oplus$), and bit rotations ($\lll r$). The number of all such differentials is calculated for all possible $r$ and $n.$ It is also shown that this number is greater than $\frac{38}{245} 8^n.$ Moreover, the estimate is asymptotically tight for $r, n-r \to \infty.$ For any fixed $n$ the number of all impossible differentials decreases as $r$ goes from $1$ to $\lceil n/2 \rceil$ (to $n/2 + 1$ in the case of $n \in \{4, 6, 8, 10, 12\}$) and then increases monotonically as $r$ goes to $n-1.$ A simplified description of all impossible differentials is obtained up to known symmetries. Tab. 10, bibliogr. 25.

Keywords: ARX, differential probability, XOR, modular addition, bit rotation, impossible differential.

UDC: 519.7

Received: 09.04.2024
Revised: 10.05.2024
Accepted: 22.06.2024

DOI: 10.33048/daio.2024.31.800


 English version:
Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics, 2024, 18:4, 722–743


© Steklov Math. Inst. of RAS, 2025