X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the mechanism of surface functionalization of metal/carbon nanostructures with $sp$-elements

The chemical bond of the atoms on the surface of metal/carbon nanostructures functionalized with atoms of $sp$-elements, such as silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, fluorine, and iodine, and the effect of functionalization on the change in the atomic magnetic moment of the $d$-metals (Fe, Ni, and Cu) have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It has been shown that the $d$-metal atoms form a stable covalent bond with silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur atoms, while the carbon atoms form a stable covalent bond with fluorine, nitrogen, and iodine atoms on the nanostructure surface. It has been found that the functionalization of metal/carbon nanostructures with silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus leads to an increase in the atomic magnetic moment of the $d$-metal.