Multicaloric effect in a piezoelectric layer

Changes in the temperatures and entropy of a piezoelectric layer under the electric field and stresses applied to its boundaries (a multicaloric effect) have been investigated. It has been shown that these changes are composed of three terms, which describe the electrocaloric, elastocaloric, and piezoelectrocaloric effects, respectively. If the influence of the strain gradient on the polarization is taken into account, one more term associated with the flexoelectrocaloric effect arises in the entropy change. The influence of the multicaloric effect on losses and motion of domain walls in ferroelectrics has been discussed.