Features for parallel computing in the Fortran Standards

Features for parallel computing in the Fortran Standards (Fortran 90/95/2003/2008) are considered. Coarrays for parallel computing were included in the new Fortran Standard (Fortran 2008).
The coarray feature was formerly known as CoArray Fortran an informal extension to Fortran 95. This paper contains the description of new parallel means in the Fortran 2008.