Condensation surface temperature as a means for studying film formation mechanisms

A rise in the condensation surface temperature during film growth is a result of energy dissipation on the condensation surface. An example of energy dissipation is the dissipation of chemical reaction heat, which releases during film deposition by reactive magnetron sputtering. The monitoring of the surface temperature during TiN film deposition by reactive (Ti–in–N$_2$) and nonreactive (TiN–in–Ar or TiN–in–N$_2$) sputtering methods has shown that this temperature is higher in the reactive case and decreases in the (TiN–in–Ar)–(TiN–in–N$_2$) sequence of nonreactive sputtering modifications. It has been found that the composition and crystal structure of TiN films do not depend on the growth method and are identical to those of bulk titanium nitride. Based on these results, a formation mechanism of films obtained by the above methods has been suggested. In the case of reactive sputtering, the film was supposed to grow on the condensation surface through a reaction between titanium and nitrogen atoms. In the cases of nonreactive sputtering, the film forms from TiN molecules.