Minimization of thermal distortions arising in optical elements under the influence of intense X-ray sources (review)

The paper considers various methods for compensating thermal stresses caused by intense beams of X-ray synchrotron radiation and free electron laser radiation. Methods for cooling silicon monochromators and mirrors using liquids such as water, liquid gallium and liquid nitrogen are described. Particular attention is paid to the description of the possibilities of using synthetic diamond crystals as cooled monochromators.