Optimization solutions for photovoltaic modules with Fresnel lenses and 3–5-junction solar cells

The paper discusses the advantages of using five junction solar cells (compared with three-junction cells with similar efficiency values) in concentrator photovoltaic modules with Fresnel lenses. It has been shown that the five-junction solar cells applying make it possible to reduce the focal length of the Fresnel lens and the design height of the module by $\sim$15%, and to gain in material consumption and weight respectively. An additional advantage of short–focus lenses is the preservation of high optical efficiency at misorientation angles up to 1o with a geometric concentration of 100X preset for the “lens-solar cell” pair. This makes it possible to predict an increased average energy output of concentration photovoltaic modules as part of a tracking photovoltaic installation under outdoor operating conditions.