Pressure losses during steam flow and condensation in tubes and channels

Theoretical and experimental investigations have revealed the dependence of parameters of the process of steam condensation in tubes and channels on the scheme of heat-exchange fluid flow, including counter, forward, and cross flow systems. The total pressure losses in the case of counter flow are greater than those in the case of forward and cross flow. This dependence is valid for the flow of gases and plasma in channels with significant density variation (e.g., due to heating and cooling). Pressure losses have been evaluated using various computational models, and the results are compared to experimental data.