Balance-equation method for simulating terahertz quantum-cascade lasers using a wave-function basis with reduced dipole moments of tunnel-coupled states

A model based on a system of balance equations for localised and continuum states is developed to calculate the current – voltage (I – V) and power characteristics of quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) operating in the terahertz (THz) range. A method for modifying the eigenbasis of the Schrödinger equation by reducing the dipole moments of tunnel-coupled states is proposed to take into account the effect of dephasing on the carrier transport. The calculated and experimental data on the current – voltage characteristics and the dependence of the integrated radiation intensity on current for the THz QCLs lasing at 2.3 THz are compared. The calculated and measured values of the threshold current, lasing current range, and maximum operating temperature T_max are found to be in good agreement. It is shown that T_max can be increased by 25% by reducing the thickness of the top contact layer n⁺-GaAs of the laser structure under study from 800 to 100 nm.