Three-stage Synthesis of "Ladder" Polyheteroarylenes

Discussion of the fundamental principles of a general method for synthesising polyheteroarylenes, based on the three-stage reaction of tetrafunctional nucleophiles with tetracarboxylic acids, their derivatives, and analogues, is followed by detailed analysis of optimum procedures, principal characteristics, and fields of practical application of the main classes of "ladder" polymers – polyaroylenebenzimidazoles and related systems, polyisoindoloquinazolinediones, polyaroylene-1,2,4-triazoles, etc. A list of 280 references is included.