Overview of hardening mechanisms in operating systems and user applications

This paper presents a systematic review of hardening mechanisms for operating systems and user applications. Various types of protection mechanisms are discussed, including memory protection mechanisms, hardware stack protection, dynamic memory protection, address space randomization, control flow protection, and system integrity protection. The principles of these mechanisms, their effectiveness, and their impact on system performance are analyzed in detail. Special attention is given to the implementation of protective mechanisms in modern operating systems, particularly in the Linux kernel. This work is intended for information security specialists, operating system developers, and researchers working on information security issues.