Abstract:
Based on number theory, we present a new concept of gas without the particle interaction taken into account in which there are first-order phase transitions for $T<T_{\mathrm{cr}}$ on isotherms. We present formulas for new ideal gases, solving the Gibbs paradox, and also formulas for the transition to real gases based on the concept of the Zeno line.
Keywords:first-order phase transition, phase transition of the second kind, Einstein paradox, gas mixture, cluster, ideal gas, Bose gas.