Analysis of mechanisms of the effect of macro-, micro-, and nanoparticles on the energy of carrier gas turbulence

Based on a two-parameter $k$–$\varepsilon$ model of turbulence for a two-phase flow, the effect of macro-, micro-, and nanoparticles on the intensity of carrier gas turbulence is analyzed. An expression is obtained that predicts the effect of particles of different inertia on the value of the turbulence energy of the carrier phase. It is shown that the turbulent effect of extremely low-inertia particles (nanoparticles) is replaced by the laminarizing effect of low-inertia particles (microparticles), and then again changes to the turbulent one due to the additional generation of turbulence in wakes behind large particles (macroparticles).