The limits and pattern of the onset of the effect of thermogravitation on the flow and heat transfer in pipes

The available recommendations and solution of the problem on heat transfer under conditions of turbulent flow of liquid metal in a horizontal pipe with a low effect of thermogravitation are refined, and relations are suggested for the calculation of the onset of the effect of lifting forces on heat transfer under conditions of laminar and turbulent flows of liquid metals, gases, and dropping liquids in horizontal and vertical pipes.