Acoustic properties of the sea bottom and their effect on long-range sound propagation on the Arctic shelf

The results of a study of the long-range propagation of low-frequency acoustic waves in shallow water over distances much greater than the water depth are presented. The primary focus is on the characteristics of the sound fields due to the influence of an inhomogeneous seabed. The effect of the physical properties of the bottom on the attenuation and refraction of acoustic waves is given special attention. Emphasis is placed on sound propagation on the Arctic shelf, where the inhomogeneities in the upper layer of the bottom sediments are particularly pronounced. Examples of the inhomogeneities obtained from 3D seismic surveys and shallow seabed drilling are given.