Water surface structures observed using infrared imaging

Modern infrared focal plant array cameras with thermal sensitivities up to 0.01–0.02${}^\circ$ C have made it possible to form a novel view of various physical, chemical, and biological processes that involve both the heat production and mobility of fluids affected by local thermal gradients. The mobility of water is important, especially in studying the formation mechanisms of water structures due to Rayleigh–Bénard convection. Various water structures can successfully be studied using infrared imaging.