Discovery of the relativistic Schr$\ddot{\rm o}$dinger equation

We discuss the discovery of the relativistic wave equation for a spin-zero charged particle in the Coulomb field by Erwin Schr$\ddot{\rm o}$dinger (presumably during the Christmas holidays of 1925–1926). However, in this new approach, an essential discrepancy was found with the fine structure formula for energy levels already obtained by Sommerfeld in the framework of the ‘old’ quantum mechanics. As a result, Schr$\ddot{\rm o}$dinger had to withdraw the original ‘relativistically framed’ article, a draft of which has never been found, from a journal and start all over with his centennial article on the nonrelativistic stationary Schr$\ddot{\rm o}$dinger equation. Our goal here is to follow the original ‘relativistic idea’ from a modern mathematical viewpoint and elaborate on why Schr$\ddot{\rm o}$dinger did not publish it. We hope that this consideration will encourage readers to study quantum physics starting from one of the crucial moments of its creation.