Hysteresis wastes under load-unload of a wheel with a rod protector

The problem of sequential loading–unloading of a wheel with a deformable rod protector is considered. The presence of slip zones in contact patch leads to different values of restoring forces during loading and unloading of the system, as well as to energy losses due to dry friction. Two different approaches to the calculation of total normal reaction acting on the wheel from the side of the road are proposed. Estimations of energy losses in the tire–road mechanical system are given for the wheel loading–unloading cycle.