Mathematics and mechanics
On commutative unary algebras with the distributive congruations lattices
V. V. Popov Volgograd State University
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the study of
lattices of congruences of unary algebras.
Algebras with
$m$ unary operations were considered by
A. I. Maltsev [6, p. 348]
and were called
$m$-unoids. Unar is an algebra with one unary
operation.
In [2; 3; 11] unars whose congruence lattices
belong to a given class of lattices (semimodular, atomic,
distributive, etc.) were studied.
Similar questions for unary algebras with two unary operations
were considered in [7; 8; 10].
Important results on commutative unary algebras with a distributive lattice
congruences were obtained in [4; 5].
The main results of this note is announced in [9].
The unary algebra
A$ = \left (A, \Omega \right)$
is an algebraic system,
which is defined by some set
$A$ and a set
$\Omega$
of unary operations on
$A$.
Each operation
$f\in\Omega$ can be considered as a mapping of the set
$A$ into itself.
The algebra
A$ = \left (A,\Omega\right)$
is said to be commutative if for all
$f, g \in \Omega$
and all
$x\in A$ it holds the equality
$f(g(x)) = g(f(x))$.
The congruence
$\theta$ on the algebra
A is such an
equivalence relation on
$A$, that
for each
$f\in\Omega$ and all
$x,y \in A$ from
$x\theta y$
it follows
$f(x)\theta f(y)$.
By
${\rm Con} \ $Ais denoted the set of all congruences
on algebra
A.
There is a partial order on
${\rm Con} \ $A:
for the congruences
$\theta_1, \theta_2$ the relation
$\theta _1 \leq \theta _2$ is satisfied if and only if
for any elements
$x, y \in A$ from
$x \theta_1 y$
it follows
$x \theta_2 y $.
If
$\theta_1, \theta_2 \in {\rm Con} \ $A, then
$\theta_1 \wedge \theta_2 $ denotes the lower bound
congruences
$\theta_1 $ and
$\theta_2 $, then
is the largest congruence
$\theta \in {\rm Con} \ $A for which
$\theta \leq \theta_1 $ and
$\theta \leq \theta_2 $.
The upper bound
$\theta_1 \vee \theta_2 $ of congruences
$\theta_1 $ and
$\theta_2 $.
A lattice of congruences
${\rm Con} \ $A is called distributive if
for any three congruences
$\theta_1, \theta_2, \theta_3 \in {\rm Con} \ $A the equality
$\theta_1 \wedge (\theta_2 \vee \theta_3) =
(\theta_1 \wedge \theta_2) \vee (\theta_1 \wedge \theta_3) $.
Below we need the description of the following unars and unary algebras:
Example 1
The unar D$_1$ is (N, $f$), where
N is the set of natural numbers, and the operation $f $ is defined
by the formula $f (x) = x + 1 $, $x \in $N .
Example 2 For natural numbers $n\geq 1$,
the unar D$_2$ is (Z$_n, f $), where
Z$_n$ is the residue ring modulo $n$
and $f (x) = x + 1 ($mod
$\ n) $
for $x \in $Z$_n $.
If, in addition, $n = 1$, then the unary carrier consists of a single element,
and $f$ is the identity map.
Example 3 The unary algebra D$_3$ is (
Z,
$ f,g$),
where
Z is the set of integers, and $f$,
$g$
are defined by formulas
$f (x) = x + 1 $ and
$g (x) = x-1 $,
$x \in \mathbf{Z} $.
The main result of this note is as follows:
Theorem 1.
Let A $= \left (A, \Omega \right) $ be a commutative unary
algebra with a distributive lattice of congruences, $m = |\Omega| \geq 2 $.
Then this algebra contains a subalgebra,
the lattice of congruences of which is isomorphic to the lattice of congruences
one of the unars D$_1 $, D$_2 (n) $ or a lattice
congruences of the algebra D$_3 $.
Keywords:
commutative unary algebra, $m$-unoid, latticies of congruences, distributive property, cyclic element.
UDC:
512.57
BBK:
22.144
DOI:
10.15688/mpcm.jvolsu.2018.3.2