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JOURNALS // Mathematical Physics and Computer Simulation // Archive

Mathematical Physics and Computer Simulation, 2018 Volume 21, Issue 3, Pages 19–30 (Mi vvgum234)

Mathematics and mechanics

On commutative unary algebras with the distributive congruations lattices

V. V. Popov

Volgograd State University

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of lattices of congruences of unary algebras. Algebras with $m$ unary operations were considered by A. I. Maltsev [6, p. 348] and were called $m$-unoids. Unar is an algebra with one unary operation.
In [2; 3; 11] unars whose congruence lattices belong to a given class of lattices (semimodular, atomic, distributive, etc.) were studied. Similar questions for unary algebras with two unary operations were considered in [7; 8; 10]. Important results on commutative unary algebras with a distributive lattice congruences were obtained in [4; 5]. The main results of this note is announced in [9].
The unary algebra A$ = \left (A, \Omega \right)$ is an algebraic system, which is defined by some set $A$ and a set $\Omega$ of unary operations on $A$. Each operation $f\in\Omega$ can be considered as a mapping of the set $A$ into itself. The algebra A$ = \left (A,\Omega\right)$ is said to be commutative if for all $f, g \in \Omega$ and all $x\in A$ it holds the equality $f(g(x)) = g(f(x))$.
The congruence $\theta$ on the algebra A is such an equivalence relation on $A$, that for each $f\in\Omega$ and all $x,y \in A$ from $x\theta y$ it follows $f(x)\theta f(y)$. By ${\rm Con} \ $Ais denoted the set of all congruences on algebra A. There is a partial order on ${\rm Con} \ $A: for the congruences $\theta_1, \theta_2$ the relation $\theta _1 \leq \theta _2$ is satisfied if and only if for any elements $x, y \in A$ from $x \theta_1 y$ it follows $x \theta_2 y $. If $\theta_1, \theta_2 \in {\rm Con} \ $A, then $\theta_1 \wedge \theta_2 $ denotes the lower bound congruences $\theta_1 $ and $\theta_2 $, then is the largest congruence $\theta \in {\rm Con} \ $A for which $\theta \leq \theta_1 $ and $\theta \leq \theta_2 $. The upper bound $\theta_1 \vee \theta_2 $ of congruences $\theta_1 $ and $\theta_2 $.
A lattice of congruences ${\rm Con} \ $A is called distributive if for any three congruences $\theta_1, \theta_2, \theta_3 \in {\rm Con} \ $A the equality $\theta_1 \wedge (\theta_2 \vee \theta_3) = (\theta_1 \wedge \theta_2) \vee (\theta_1 \wedge \theta_3) $.
Below we need the description of the following unars and unary algebras:
Example 1 The unar D$_1$ is (N, $f$), where N is the set of natural numbers, and the operation $f $ is defined by the formula $f (x) = x + 1 $, $x \in $N .
Example 2 For natural numbers $n\geq 1$, the unar D$_2$ is (Z$_n, f $), where Z$_n$ is the residue ring modulo $n$ and $f (x) = x + 1 ($mod$\ n) $ for $x \in $Z$_n $. If, in addition, $n = 1$, then the unary carrier consists of a single element, and $f$ is the identity map.
Example 3 The unary algebra D$_3$ is (Z,$ f,g$), where Z is the set of integers, and $f$, $g$ are defined by formulas $f (x) = x + 1 $ and $g (x) = x-1 $, $x \in \mathbf{Z} $.
The main result of this note is as follows:
Theorem 1. Let A $= \left (A, \Omega \right) $ be a commutative unary algebra with a distributive lattice of congruences, $m = |\Omega| \geq 2 $. Then this algebra contains a subalgebra, the lattice of congruences of which is isomorphic to the lattice of congruences one of the unars D$_1 $, D$_2 (n) $ or a lattice congruences of the algebra D$_3 $.

Keywords: commutative unary algebra, $m$-unoid, latticies of congruences, distributive property, cyclic element.

UDC: 512.57
BBK: 22.144

DOI: 10.15688/mpcm.jvolsu.2018.3.2



© Steklov Math. Inst. of RAS, 2024