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Complexity of solving linears systems in the rings of differential operators
D. Yu. Grigor'ev
Abstract:
Let
$\mathcal{A}_n=F[X_1,\dots,X_n,D_1,\dots,D_n]$ be Weyl algebra over a field
$F$,
i.e. the following relations hold:
$X_iX_j=X_jX_i$,
$D_iD_j=D_jD_i$,
$X_iD_i=D_iX_i-1$,
$X_iD_j=D_jX_i$ for
$i\ne j$. Denote also by
$\mathcal{K}_n=F(X_1,\dots,X_n)[D_1,\dots,D_n]\supset\mathcal{A}_n$ the ring of differential operators.
Any element
$a\in\mathcal{A}_n$ can be uniquely written in the form
$a=\sum\limits_{I,J}a_{I,J}D_n^{i_n}\dots D_1^{i_1}X_1^{j_n}\dots X_1^{j_1}$,
where
$a_{I,J}\in F$, define $\mathrm{deg}(a)=\max\limits_{a_{I,J}\ne0}\{i_n+\dots+i_1+j_n+\dots+j_1\}$.
In a similar way any element
$b\in\mathcal{K}_n$ can be represented
in the form
$b=b_1b_2^{-1}$ where
$b_1\in\mathcal{A}_n$ can a polynomial
$b_2\in F[X_1,\dots,X_n]$
has the least possible degree, we define $\mathrm{deg}(b)=\max\{\mathrm{deg}(b_1),\mathrm{deg}(b_2)\}$.
Let
$\mathcal{R}$ be either
$\mathcal{A}_n$ or
$\mathcal{K}_n$. Consider a linear system
$\sum\limits_{1\leqq l\leqq s}u_{k,l}V_l=w_k$,
$1\leqq k\leqq m$,
where
$u_{k,l}, w_k\in\mathcal{R}$. Assume
that
$\mathrm{deg}(u_{k,l}),\mathrm{deg}(w_k)<d$. The main theorem of the paper states
that provided the system is solvable over
$\mathcal{R}$, it has
a solution
$V_1,\dots,V_s\in\mathcal{R}$ such that
$\mathrm{deg}(V_l)\leqq(md)^{2^{O(n)}}$,
$1\leqq l\leqq s$.
Remark that for the case of the ring of polynomials
$\mathcal{R}=F[X_1,\dots,X_n]$
the bound in lemma was well known [11], but one cannot generalize the proof directly,
since the rings
$\mathcal{A}_n$,
$\mathcal{K}_n$ are noncommutative.
We say that
$m\times m$ matrix
$B$ (over
$\mathcal{A}_n$) is left quasi-inverse
to
$m\times m$ matrix
$C$ (over
$\mathcal{A}_n$) if
$BC$ has a diagonal
form with nonzero diagonal entries. In this case we call
$B$
(and also
$C$) nonsingular matrix. For a matrix (over
$\mathcal{A}_n$) we
define its rank as the maximal size of its nonsingular submatrices.
Denote by
$\mathcal{D}_n$ the skew-field of quotients of
$\mathcal{A}_n$ (see [6]).
The core of the construction is the following lemma. For
$m\times s$ matrix
$(u_{k,l})$ over
$\mathcal{A}_n$ of the rank
$r$ there is
$m\times m$
nonsingular matrix
$A$ over
$\mathcal{D}_n$ and
$s\times s$ permuting matrix
$P$
such that the matrix
$A(u_{k,l})P$ has a trapezium shape with
nonzero rows, moreover
$\mathrm{deg}(A(u_{k,l})P)\leqq O(nmd)$.
Furthermore, we need a kind of the normalization lemma for
the ring
$\mathcal{A}_n$. Since the group of linear transformations of
$\mathcal{A}_n$,
coincides with the symplectic group
$S_{P_{2n}}$, the normalization
lemma follows from the transitivity of
$S_{P_{2n}}$. Ihe main theorem
is proved by induction on
$n$. For the ring
$\mathcal{K}_n$ the proof of the
main theorem proceeds in a similar way, even easier, since the
group of linear transformations of
$\mathcal{K}_n$, is isomorphic to
$GL_n$.
UDC:
518.5+512.46