Аннотация:
Quantum games are usually considered as games with strategies
defined not by the standard Kolmogorovian probabilistic measure but
by the probability amplitude used in quantum physics. The reason
for the use of the probability amplitude or "quantum probabilistic
measure" is the nondistributive lattice occurring in physical
situations with quantum microparticles. In our paper we give
examples of getting nondistributive orthomodular lattices in some
special macroscopic situations without use of quantum
microparticles.
Mathematical structure of these examples is the same as that for
the spin one half quantum microparticle with two non-commuting
observables being measured. So we consider the so called
Stern-Gerlach quantum games. In quantum physics it corresponds to
the situation when two partners called Alice and Bob do experiments
with two beams of particles independently measuring the spin
projections of particles on two different directions In case of
coincidences defined by the payoff matrix Bob pays Alice some sum of
money. Alice and Bob can prepare particles in the beam in certain
independent states defined by the probability amplitude so that
probabilities of different outcomes are known. Nash equilibrium for
such a game can be defined and it is called the quantum Nash
equilibrium.
The same lattice occurs in the example of the firefly flying in a
box observed through two windows one at the bottom another at the
right hand side of the box with a line in the middle of each window.
This means that two such boxes with fireflies inside them imitate
two beams in the Stern-Gerlach quantum game. However there is a
difference due to the fact that in microscopic case Alice and Bob
freely choose the representation of the lattice in terms of
non-commuting projectors in some Hilbert space. In our macroscopic
imitation there is a problem of the choice of this
representation(of the angles between projections). The problem is
solved by us for some special forms of the payoff matrix. We prove
the theorem that quantum Nash equilibrium occurs only for the
special representation of the lattice defined by the payoff matrix.
This makes possible imitation of the microscopic quantum game in
macroscopic situations. Other macroscopic situations based on the
so called opportunistic behavior leading to the same lattice are
considered.